International Circulation: You have shown a link between length of sleep and obesity. Could review the mechanisms behind obesity in sleep-deprived populations?
Dr. Jean-Philippe Chaput: We know that lack of sleep can lead to weight gain via an increase in food intake. Firstly， people eat more because they feel hungrier when they sleep less. There are many changes in key appetite hormones， like an increase in ghrelin levels (an appetite stimulating hormone)， decrease in leptin levels， and an increase in the stress hormone cortisol. All of those changes trigger hunger. Also， people eat more when they sleep less because they have more time and thus increased opportunities for eating. For example， if you sleep four hours per night， you will be awake for 20 hours and will be likely to snack and over-eat. On the other side of the energy balance equation， in terms of energy expended， people feel more tired， have increased fatigue， and are less likely to go to the gym， exercise， or engage in physical activity. All together， lack of sleep， increased food intake， and decreased physical activity creates a positive caloric balance and weight gain over time.
《国际循环》：您向我们解释了睡眠和肥胖之间的关联度。睡眠不足的人群会肥胖，您能给我们评论一下这背后的作用机制吗?
Jean-Philippe Chaput博士：我们知道，睡眠不足的人会通过增加食物的摄入量而导致体重增加。首先，因为他们睡得少，就会觉得饿，因此吃得更多。有许多食欲变化的关键激素，如增加胃饥饿素(一种食欲刺激激素)，瘦蛋白的分泌水平下降，就会增加皮质醇激素的应激性，所有这些改变都会触发饥饿。同时，当人们睡得少，他们就会有更多的时间，从而增加吃的机会，就会吃的更多。例如，如果你每晚睡四个小时，你会醒着20小时，就可能吃零食和暴饮暴食。在能量平衡方程的另一边，能源消耗的越多，人们就会感觉更累，增加了疲劳度，人们就不太可能去健身房锻炼，运动，或者从事体力活动。总之，睡眠不足，就会增加食物的摄入量，并减少身体活动，从而导致了绝对的热量平衡和体重增加。
International Circulation: Could you please explain the concept of “dis-inhibited eating behavior”?
Dr. Jean-Philippe Chaput: We use a questionnaire called the “Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire” which was developed many years ago by Stunkard and Messick. This questionnaire covers three eating behaviors， though I focused on one: disinhibition. This is overeating in response to an external stimulus. For example， if you eat more while watching sports with your friends then you have a high disinhibiting behavior. If you have a high disinhibition eating behavior and are a short sleeper， you are more likely to eat more and gain weight over time. If you are a short sleeper， you have a low disinhibiting behavior. This means that not all short sleepers gain more wait. We need to better characterize our population of short sleepers. Some of them eat more and gain weight， others do not， but those with predisposition towards disinhibitive eating， then yes， obesity is a problem.
《国际循环》：你能解释一下“去抑制饮食行为” 的概念吗?
Jean-Philippe Chaput博士：我们使用一个叫做“三因子饮食问卷”的问卷调查，这是十多年前Stunkard和Messick开发的。这个问卷包括三种饮食行为，虽然我只专注于一个:去抑制。这是因为外部刺激而导致饮食过量的反应。例如，如果你和你的朋友看体育节目，你吃得更多，那么你就有一个高的放纵行为。如果你有一个较高的去抑制饮食行为并且是个睡眠不足者，随着时间的流逝，你就有可能吃的更多，体重也会增加。如果你是一个睡眠不足者，而你有一个较低的放纵行为。这意味着，并非所有的睡眠不足者都会增加体重。我们需要更好地定义我们的睡眠不足人群。他们中的一些人吃更多的而增加体重，而另外一些则不会，但是对于那些倾向于低抑制饮食的人，那么，是的，肥胖是一个问题。
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